sqlalchemy.sql sqltypes Example Code

sqltypes is a callable within the sqlalchemy.sql module of the SQLAlchemy project.

ClauseElement, Select, column, expression, extract, functions, operators, schema, select, and table are several other callables with code examples from the same sqlalchemy.sql package.

Example 1 from alembic

Alembic (project documentation and PyPI page) is a data migrations tool used with SQLAlchemy to make database schema changes. The Alembic project is open sourced under the MIT license.

alembic / alembic / ddl / oracle.py

# oracle.py
from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
from sqlalchemy.sql import sqltypes

from .base import AddColumn
from .base import alter_table
from .base import ColumnComment
from .base import ColumnDefault
from .base import ColumnName
from .base import ColumnNullable
from .base import ColumnType
from .base import format_column_name
from .base import format_server_default
from .base import format_table_name
from .base import format_type
from .base import RenameTable
from .impl import DefaultImpl


class OracleImpl(DefaultImpl):
    __dialect__ = "oracle"
    transactional_ddl = False
    batch_separator = "/"
    command_terminator = ""
    type_synonyms = DefaultImpl.type_synonyms + (
        {"VARCHAR", "VARCHAR2"},
        {"BIGINT", "INTEGER", "SMALLINT", "DECIMAL", "NUMERIC", "NUMBER"},


## ... source file abbreviated to get to sqltypes examples ...


def visit_column_name(element, compiler, **kw):
    return "%s RENAME COLUMN %s TO %s" % (
        alter_table(compiler, element.table_name, element.schema),
        format_column_name(compiler, element.column_name),
        format_column_name(compiler, element.newname),
    )


@compiles(ColumnDefault, "oracle")
def visit_column_default(element, compiler, **kw):
    return "%s %s %s" % (
        alter_table(compiler, element.table_name, element.schema),
        alter_column(compiler, element.column_name),
        "DEFAULT %s" % format_server_default(compiler, element.default)
        if element.default is not None
        else "DEFAULT NULL",
    )


@compiles(ColumnComment, "oracle")
def visit_column_comment(element, compiler, **kw):
    ddl = "COMMENT ON COLUMN {table_name}.{column_name} IS {comment}"

    comment = compiler.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
        (element.comment if element.comment is not None else ""),
        sqltypes.String(),
    )

    return ddl.format(
        table_name=element.table_name,
        column_name=element.column_name,
        comment=comment,
    )


@compiles(RenameTable, "oracle")
def visit_rename_table(element, compiler, **kw):
    return "%s RENAME TO %s" % (
        alter_table(compiler, element.table_name, element.schema),
        format_table_name(compiler, element.new_table_name, None),
    )


def alter_column(compiler, name):
    return "MODIFY %s" % format_column_name(compiler, name)


def add_column(compiler, column, **kw):
    return "ADD %s" % compiler.get_column_specification(column, **kw)



## ... source file continues with no further sqltypes examples...

Example 2 from GINO

GINO (project documentation and PyPI package information) is an object-relational mapper (ORM) built on SQLAlchemy that is non-blocking and therefore designed to work properly with asynchronously-run code, for example, an application written with asyncio.

GINO is open sourced under the BSD License.

GINO / src/gino / dialects / asyncpg.py

# asyncpg.py
import inspect
import itertools
import time
import warnings

import asyncpg
from sqlalchemy import util, exc, sql
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import (  # noqa: F401
    ARRAY,
    CreateEnumType,
    DropEnumType,
    JSON,
    JSONB,
    json,
)
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.base import (
    ENUM,
    PGCompiler,
    PGDialect,
    PGExecutionContext,
)
from sqlalchemy.sql import sqltypes

from . import base

try:
    import click
except ImportError:
    click = None
JSON_COLTYPE = 114
JSONB_COLTYPE = 3802


class AsyncpgDBAPI(base.BaseDBAPI):
    Error = asyncpg.PostgresError, asyncpg.InterfaceError


class AsyncpgCompiler(PGCompiler):
    @property
    def bindtemplate(self):
        return self._bindtemplate

    @bindtemplate.setter
    def bindtemplate(self, val):
        self._bindtemplate = val.replace(":", "$")



## ... source file abbreviated to get to sqltypes examples ...


                return [util.text_type(elem) for elem in value]

        return process


class AsyncpgDialect(PGDialect, base.AsyncDialectMixin):
    driver = "asyncpg"
    supports_native_decimal = True
    dbapi_class = AsyncpgDBAPI
    statement_compiler = AsyncpgCompiler
    execution_ctx_cls = AsyncpgExecutionContext
    cursor_cls = DBAPICursor
    init_kwargs = set(
        itertools.chain(
            ("bakery", "prebake"),
            *[
                inspect.getfullargspec(f).kwonlydefaults.keys()
                for f in [asyncpg.create_pool, asyncpg.connect]
            ],
        )
    )
    colspecs = util.update_copy(
        PGDialect.colspecs,
        {
            ENUM: AsyncEnum,
            sqltypes.Enum: AsyncEnum,
            sqltypes.NullType: GinoNullType,
            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: AsyncpgJSONPathType,
        },
    )

    def __init__(self, *args, bakery=None, **kwargs):
        self._pool_kwargs = {}
        self._init_hook = None
        for k in self.init_kwargs:
            if k in kwargs:
                if k == "init":
                    self._init_hook = kwargs.pop(k)
                else:
                    self._pool_kwargs[k] = kwargs.pop(k)
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._init_mixin(bakery)

    async def init_pool(self, url, loop, pool_class=None):
        if pool_class is None:
            pool_class = Pool
        return await pool_class(
            url, loop, bakery=self._bakery, init=self.on_connect(), **self._pool_kwargs
        )

    def transaction(self, raw_conn, args, kwargs):
        return Transaction(raw_conn.transaction(*args, **kwargs))


## ... source file abbreviated to get to sqltypes examples ...


            return self._init_hook

    async def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
        level = level.replace("_", " ")
        if level not in self._isolation_lookup:
            raise exc.ArgumentError(
                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s"
                % (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
            )
        await connection.execute(
            "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION " "ISOLATION LEVEL %s" % level
        )
        await connection.execute("COMMIT")

    async def get_isolation_level(self, connection):
        val = await connection.fetchval("show transaction isolation level")
        return val.upper()

    async def has_schema(self, connection, schema):
        row = await connection.first(
            sql.text(
                "select nspname from pg_namespace " "where lower(nspname)=:schema"
            ).bindparams(
                sql.bindparam(
                    "schema", util.text_type(schema.lower()), type_=sqltypes.Unicode,
                )
            )
        )

        return bool(row)

    async def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
        if schema is None:
            row = await connection.first(
                sql.text(
                    "select relname from pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where "
                    "pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid) "
                    "and relname=:name"
                ).bindparams(
                    sql.bindparam(
                        "name", util.text_type(table_name), type_=sqltypes.Unicode
                    ),
                )
            )
        else:
            row = await connection.first(
                sql.text(
                    "select relname from pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where n.nspname=:schema and "
                    "relname=:name"
                ).bindparams(
                    sql.bindparam(
                        "name", util.text_type(table_name), type_=sqltypes.Unicode,
                    ),
                    sql.bindparam(
                        "schema", util.text_type(schema), type_=sqltypes.Unicode,
                    ),
                )
            )
        return bool(row)

    async def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
        if schema is None:
            row = await connection.first(
                sql.text(
                    "SELECT relname FROM pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where relkind='S' and "
                    "n.nspname=current_schema() "
                    "and relname=:name"
                ).bindparams(
                    sql.bindparam(
                        "name", util.text_type(sequence_name), type_=sqltypes.Unicode,
                    )
                )
            )
        else:
            row = await connection.first(
                sql.text(
                    "SELECT relname FROM pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where relkind='S' and "
                    "n.nspname=:schema and relname=:name"
                ).bindparams(
                    sql.bindparam(
                        "name", util.text_type(sequence_name), type_=sqltypes.Unicode,
                    ),
                    sql.bindparam(
                        "schema", util.text_type(schema), type_=sqltypes.Unicode,
                    ),
                )
            )

        return bool(row)

    async def has_type(self, connection, type_name, schema=None):
        if schema is not None:
            query = """
            SELECT EXISTS (
                SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t, pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
                WHERE t.typnamespace = n.oid
                AND t.typname = :typname
                AND n.nspname = :nspname
                )
            SELECT EXISTS (
                SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t
                WHERE t.typname = :typname
                AND pg_type_is_visible(t.oid)
                )



## ... source file continues with no further sqltypes examples...

Example 3 from sandman2

sandman2 (project documentation and PyPI package information) is a code library for automatically generating RESTful APIs from existing database schemas. This approach is handy for solving straightforward situations where you want to put an abstraction layer between one or more applications and your relational database to prevent or reduce direct database access.

The sandman2 project is provided under the Apache License 2.0.

sandman2 / sandman2 / app.py

# app.py

from flask import Flask, current_app, jsonify
from sqlalchemy.sql import sqltypes

from sandman2.exception import (
    BadRequestException,
    ForbiddenException,
    NotFoundException,
    NotAcceptableException,
    NotImplementedException,
    ConflictException,
    ServerErrorException,
    ServiceUnavailableException,
    )
from sandman2.service import Service
from sandman2.model import db, Model, AutomapModel
from sandman2.admin import CustomAdminView
from flask_admin import Admin
from flask_httpauth import HTTPBasicAuth

auth = HTTPBasicAuth()

def get_app(
        database_uri,
        exclude_tables=None,
        user_models=None,
        reflect_all=True,


## ... source file abbreviated to get to sqltypes examples ...


def _reflect_all(exclude_tables=None, admin=None, read_only=False, schema=None):
    AutomapModel.prepare(  # pylint:disable=maybe-no-member
        db.engine, reflect=True, schema=schema)
    for cls in AutomapModel.classes:
        if exclude_tables and cls.__table__.name in exclude_tables:
            continue
        if read_only:
            cls.__methods__ = {'GET'}
        register_model(cls, admin)


def register_model(cls, admin=None):
    cls.__url__ = '/{}'.format(cls.__name__.lower())
    service_class = type(
        cls.__name__ + 'Service',
        (Service,),
        {
            '__model__': cls,
        })

    cols = list(cls().__table__.primary_key.columns)

    primary_key_type = 'string'
    if len(cols) == 1:
        col_type = cols[0].type
        if isinstance(col_type, sqltypes.String):
            primary_key_type = 'string'
        elif isinstance(col_type, sqltypes.Integer):
            primary_key_type = 'int'
        elif isinstance(col_type, sqltypes.Numeric):
            primary_key_type = 'float'

    register_service(service_class, primary_key_type)
    if admin is not None:
        admin.add_view(CustomAdminView(cls, db.session))


def _register_user_models(user_models, admin=None, schema=None):
    if any([issubclass(cls, AutomapModel) for cls in user_models]):
        AutomapModel.prepare(  # pylint:disable=maybe-no-member
                               db.engine, reflect=True, schema=schema)

    for user_model in user_models:
        register_model(user_model, admin)



## ... source file continues with no further sqltypes examples...
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